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The Case for Adopting the “Species Complex” Nomenclature for the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis

Identifieur interne : 000288 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000287; suivant : 000289

The Case for Adopting the “Species Complex” Nomenclature for the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis

Auteurs : Kyung J. Kwon-Chung [États-Unis] ; John E. Bennett [États-Unis] ; Brian L. Wickes [États-Unis] ; Wieland Meyer [Australie] ; Christina A. Cuomo [États-Unis] ; Kurt R. Wollenburg [États-Unis] ; Tihana A. Bicanic [Royaume-Uni] ; Elizabeth Casta Eda [Colombie] ; Yun C. Chang [États-Unis] ; Jianghan Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Massimo Cogliati [Italie] ; Françoise Dromer [France] ; David Ellis [Australie] ; Scott G. Filler [États-Unis] ; Matthew C. Fisher [Royaume-Uni] ; Thomas S. Harrison [Royaume-Uni] ; Steven M. Holland [États-Unis] ; Shigeru Kohno [Japon] ; James W. Kronstad [Canada] ; Marcia Lazera [Brésil] ; Stuart M. Levitz [États-Unis] ; Michail S. Lionakis [États-Unis] ; Robin C. May [Royaume-Uni] ; Popchai Ngamskulrongroj [Thaïlande] ; Peter G. Pappas [États-Unis] ; John R. Perfect [États-Unis] ; Volker Rickerts [Allemagne] ; Tania C. Sorrell [Australie] ; Thomas J. Walsh [États-Unis] ; Peter R. Williamson [États-Unis] ; Jianping Xu [République populaire de Chine] ; Adrian M. Zelazny [États-Unis] ; Arturo Casadevall [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:5227069

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease of humans/animals caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Distinction between the two species is based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Recently, it was proposed that C. neoformans be divided into two species and C. gattii into five species based on a phylogenetic analysis of 115 isolates. While this proposal adds to the knowledge about the genetic diversity and population structure of cryptococcosis agents, the published genotypes of 2,606 strains have already revealed more genetic diversity than is encompassed by seven species. Naming every clade as a separate species at this juncture will lead to continuing nomenclatural instability. In the absence of biological differences between clades and no consensus about how DNA sequence alone can delineate a species, we recommend using “Cryptococcus neoformans species complex” and “C. gattii species complex” as a practical intermediate step, rather than creating more species. This strategy recognizes genetic diversity without creating confusion.


Url:
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00357-16
PubMed: 28101535
PubMed Central: 5227069


Affiliations:


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<name sortKey="Xu, Jianping" sort="Xu, Jianping" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jianping" last="Xu">Jianping Xu</name>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Case for Adopting the “Species Complex” Nomenclature for the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis</title>
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<name sortKey="Kwon Chung, Kyung J" sort="Kwon Chung, Kyung J" uniqKey="Kwon Chung K" first="Kyung J." last="Kwon-Chung">Kyung J. Kwon-Chung</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
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<name sortKey="Bennett, John E" sort="Bennett, John E" uniqKey="Bennett J" first="John E." last="Bennett">John E. Bennett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<name sortKey="Wickes, Brian L" sort="Wickes, Brian L" uniqKey="Wickes B" first="Brian L." last="Wickes">Brian L. Wickes</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff2">University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<name sortKey="Meyer, Wieland" sort="Meyer, Wieland" uniqKey="Meyer W" first="Wieland" last="Meyer">Wieland Meyer</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff3">Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
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<settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
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<settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
</placeName>
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<nlm:aff id="aff4">Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff>
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<name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name>
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<name sortKey="Wollenburg, Kurt R" sort="Wollenburg, Kurt R" uniqKey="Wollenburg K" first="Kurt R." last="Wollenburg">Kurt R. Wollenburg</name>
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<region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<name sortKey="Bicanic, Tihana A" sort="Bicanic, Tihana A" uniqKey="Bicanic T" first="Tihana A." last="Bicanic">Tihana A. Bicanic</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Casta Eda, Elizabeth" sort="Casta Eda, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Casta Eda E" first="Elizabeth" last="Casta Eda">Elizabeth Casta Eda</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff8">Colombia Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Colombia Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bogota</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chang, Yun C" sort="Chang, Yun C" uniqKey="Chang Y" first="Yun C." last="Chang">Yun C. Chang</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Jianghan" sort="Chen, Jianghan" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jianghan" last="Chen">Jianghan Chen</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff9">Mycology Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mycology Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Shanghai</wicri:noRegion>
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<name sortKey="Cogliati, Massimo" sort="Cogliati, Massimo" uniqKey="Cogliati M" first="Massimo" last="Cogliati">Massimo Cogliati</name>
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<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
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<nlm:aff id="aff11">Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Ellis, David" sort="Ellis, David" uniqKey="Ellis D" first="David" last="Ellis">David Ellis</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff12">School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Adelaide</wicri:noRegion>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Filler, Scott G" sort="Filler, Scott G" uniqKey="Filler S" first="Scott G." last="Filler">Scott G. Filler</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff13">Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fisher, Matthew C" sort="Fisher, Matthew C" uniqKey="Fisher M" first="Matthew C." last="Fisher">Matthew C. Fisher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
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<name sortKey="Harrison, Thomas S" sort="Harrison, Thomas S" uniqKey="Harrison T" first="Thomas S." last="Harrison">Thomas S. Harrison</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Holland, Steven M" sort="Holland, Steven M" uniqKey="Holland S" first="Steven M." last="Holland">Steven M. Holland</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kohno, Shigeru" sort="Kohno, Shigeru" uniqKey="Kohno S" first="Shigeru" last="Kohno">Shigeru Kohno</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nagasaki University, Nagasaki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nagasaki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kronstad, James W" sort="Kronstad, James W" uniqKey="Kronstad J" first="James W." last="Kronstad">James W. Kronstad</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff16">Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lazera, Marcia" sort="Lazera, Marcia" uniqKey="Lazera M" first="Marcia" last="Lazera">Marcia Lazera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement>
<region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Levitz, Stuart M" sort="Levitz, Stuart M" uniqKey="Levitz S" first="Stuart M." last="Levitz">Stuart M. Levitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff18">Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lionakis, Michail S" sort="Lionakis, Michail S" uniqKey="Lionakis M" first="Michail S." last="Lionakis">Michail S. Lionakis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="May, Robin C" sort="May, Robin C" uniqKey="May R" first="Robin C." last="May">Robin C. May</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff19">Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
<settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ngamskulrongroj, Popchai" sort="Ngamskulrongroj, Popchai" uniqKey="Ngamskulrongroj P" first="Popchai" last="Ngamskulrongroj">Popchai Ngamskulrongroj</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff20">Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pappas, Peter G" sort="Pappas, Peter G" uniqKey="Pappas P" first="Peter G." last="Pappas">Peter G. Pappas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff21">Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Alabama</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perfect, John R" sort="Perfect, John R" uniqKey="Perfect J" first="John R." last="Perfect">John R. Perfect</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff22">Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rickerts, Volker" sort="Rickerts, Volker" uniqKey="Rickerts V" first="Volker" last="Rickerts">Volker Rickerts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff23">Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institut, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sorrell, Tania C" sort="Sorrell, Tania C" uniqKey="Sorrell T" first="Tania C." last="Sorrell">Tania C. Sorrell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff24">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
<settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Walsh, Thomas J" sort="Walsh, Thomas J" uniqKey="Walsh T" first="Thomas J." last="Walsh">Thomas J. Walsh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff25">Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Williamson, Peter R" sort="Williamson, Peter R" uniqKey="Williamson P" first="Peter R." last="Williamson">Peter R. Williamson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xu, Jianping" sort="Xu, Jianping" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jianping" last="Xu">Jianping Xu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zelazny, Adrian M" sort="Zelazny, Adrian M" uniqKey="Zelazny A" first="Adrian M." last="Zelazny">Adrian M. Zelazny</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff27">Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Casadevall, Arturo" sort="Casadevall, Arturo" uniqKey="Casadevall A" first="Arturo" last="Casadevall">Arturo Casadevall</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff28">Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
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</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">mSphere</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2379-5042</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease of humans/animals caused by
<italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic>
and
<italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic>
. Distinction between the two species is based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Recently, it was proposed that
<italic>C. neoformans</italic>
be divided into two species and
<italic>C. gattii</italic>
into five species based on a phylogenetic analysis of 115 isolates. While this proposal adds to the knowledge about the genetic diversity and population structure of cryptococcosis agents, the published genotypes of 2,606 strains have already revealed more genetic diversity than is encompassed by seven species. Naming every clade as a separate species at this juncture will lead to continuing nomenclatural instability. In the absence of biological differences between clades and no consensus about how DNA sequence alone can delineate a species, we recommend using “
<italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic>
species complex” and “
<italic>C. gattii</italic>
species complex” as a practical intermediate step, rather than creating more species. This strategy recognizes genetic diversity without creating confusion.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
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<listBibl>
<biblStruct>
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